What is a good cleaner/degreaser that is evaporative, leaves no residue, will remove powder and carbon fouling quickly, and is safe to use?

Based on what you specify, Automotive Brake Parts Cleaner.

Or Lectra Clean from CRC, 1,1,1-trichloroethylene.

Works good but tric is hard on the liver. Make sure to wear gloves and use it in a well ventilated area.